Sea Buckthorn in Tibetan Tradition

Sea buckthorn (genus Hippophae, esp. H. rhamnoides and H. tibetana) is a thorny

shrub native to the high Himalaya and the Tibetan plateau. In Tibet it is called tar-bu (སྟར་བུ།, Wyl. star bu) and its

bright orange berries (“bras bu” འབྲས་བུ་) are valued as food and medicine. Classical Tibetan medical texts

(e.g. Sman-rtsa or Somaratsa, 8th c.; the Four Tantras/RGyud-bzhi, 12th c.) cite tar-bu for clearing phlegm

and improving circulation 1 2

. Ethnobotanical studies confirm that Himalayan communities (Tibetans,

Ladakhis (and Nepali Tibetans) have long eaten the berries raw or as juice, made boiling-down concentrates

(“khentsa”), jams, and oils 3 4

. Sowa-Rigpa classifies tar-bu as hot and sour, dispersing cold phlegm and

“loosening” mucus 5 6

. Modern analyses show sea buckthorn fruit is exceptionally rich in vitamin C

(≈ 275 mg/100 g 7

), carotenoids, omega-7 fatty acids, and antioxidants. Clinical research (limited to

general uses) finds little effect on colds, but confirms strong wound-healing benefits 8

. This article details

its botany, Tibetan names, distribution, textual history, ethnobotany, Sowa-Rigpa uses, bioactives, and

safety, with tables and diagrams.

Botanical Identity & Names

Sea buckthorn is Hippophae L. (family Elaeagnaceae), a small thorny shrub or tree up to 6–7 m tall 9

. In

Tibet and the Himalayas the main taxa are H. rhamnoides L. (subspecies rhamnoides and turkestanica) and H.

tibetana Schlect. (sometimes treated as a subspecies of rhamnoides). Tibetan names include tar-bu (སྟར་བུ།,

Wyl. star bu) for H. rhamnoides, with bras bu (འབྲས་བུ་) meaning “fruit/berry” 10

. (In Ladakhi dialects, the

berry is sometimes called tora.) The berries are bright orange. Botanical synonyms encountered in Tibetan

sources include sgyos skyur (སྒྱོ ས་སྐུར) and skyer sman (སྐྱེ ར་སྨན).

Sea buckthorn is adapted to cold, arid regions. In Tibet/Himalaya, it grows on riverbanks, scree and valleys

from ~3,000 up to 5,000 m elevation 11

. It is found across the Tibetan plateau and adjacent highlands

(eastern Ladakh, Spiti, Mustang, Bhutan, Yunnan) 11 12

. It is also widely cultivated or naturalized in

northwest China. Sea buckthorn tolerates poor soils and wind/sand. In Tibetan medicine texts, Hippophae is

often described under the habitat descriptor “cold places” or “sandy” (rmang steng).

Historical & Textual References

Sea buckthorn’s medicinal use has deep roots in Tibetan tradition. The earliest mention is in the Tibetan

medical compendium Somaratsa (སྣམ་ར་ཚ་), often dated to the 1st–8th centuries CE. Modern reviews note

“the medicinal value of sea buckthorn has been recorded in the Tibetan medical classic ‘Somaratsa,’ dating

back to as early as the first half of the eighth century” 1

. The RGyud-bzhi (Four Tantras, 12th century, by

Yutok Yonten Gonpo) likewise includes tar-bu. For example, in the classification of medicines, it is listed as

coarse/hot, sour in taste, “loosening phlegm and expectorant” 2 6

. Later Sowa-Rigpa texts (e.g. Men-

Tsee-Khang materia medica) describe tar-bu as an expectorant that “dilutes blood” and “controls Beken” (བད་

ཀན་, water-earth humor) 6

. In summary, traditional Tibetan sources consistently cite tar-bu for respiratory

and circulatory complaints.

1timeline

title Sea Buckthorn in Tibetan Tradition

1st-8th c. AD: Somaratsa (Tibetan medical canon) – records tar-bu uses

1

12th c. : *rGyud-bzhi* (Four Tantras) by Yutok – classifies tar-bu

(hot, phlegm-dispersing)

2

17th c. formulations (indirectly attested)

20th c. expectorant “loosen phlegm”

: *Blue Beryl* (rGyud-bzhi commentary) – mentions tar-bu in

: Men-Tsee-Khang Materia Medica – summarizes Tar-bu as

6

21st c. continued use of tar-bu (juice, jams)

: Ethnobotanical studies (Tibet, Ladakh, Mustang) – document

3 4

Table 1. Major Tibetan textual references to seabuckthorn (tar-bu):

(If no source text for a claimed use is found, entries say “unspecified.”)

Ethnobotanical and Folk Uses

Himalayan Tibetan communities have long used seabuckthorn as food and medicine. Surveys note that

local people traditionally ate the berries fresh or dried, and pressed them into juice 3 4

. In Mustang

(Nepal), H. tibetana (“tora, star-bu”) fruits were boiled into an unsweetened juice concentrate (often

fermented) 3

. In Lithang (east Tibet/China), a similar juice (Tib. tshog-kyur, “berry juice”) was made from H.

Rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica 14

. Children in Ladakh even used large leaves as cups to collect freshly

squeezed juice 4

. A syrupy concentrate called khentsa (Tib. khra-nam tsha) is prepared by simmering

berries for hours until reduced; this is mixed into teas or pickles as a tonic 4

. Other preparations include

2jams and preserves (now sometimes made commercially) and infused oils from berries and seeds for

topical use.

•

Daily/food use: Berries eaten raw or added to porridge, tsampa or chutneys. Often boiled with water

and salt to make a sour tonic drink.

3 4

•

Juices and concentrates: Fresh juice (sweetened or not), and concentrate/tea (khentsa) for chronic

weakness and digestive health.

3 4

•

Preserves and oils: Berries made into jams; seed/pulp oil used topically (for wound healing) or

internally (noted but less common historically).

•

Modern products: Ladakh and Tibetan cooperatives now sell seabuckthorn juice, jam and oil (e.g.

4

“Tibetan Golden” brand) for skincare and health, tapping into the traditional reputation .

Table 2. Ethnobotanical uses of seabuckthorn by region:

No specific ritual or symbolic uses of seabuckthorn are recorded in Tibetan Buddhist liturgy (unlike juniper

or saffron). Its value is chiefly medicinal and nutritional.

Sowa Rigpa Medicinal Classification

In Tibetan medicine (Sowa Rigpa), tar-bu (སྟར་བུ།) is classified as hot/ophu and sour in quality, with a

“sharp” (khro-shig) digestion-affinity. It is said to primarily counteract the bekan (phlegm) humor: it loosens

and expels mucus, especially from the lungs 5 6

. Thus tar-bu is traditionally indicated for coughs,

asthma/wheezing, bronchitis, and water-retention conditions. A Daknang reference summarizes: “Tar-bu is

an expectorant, dilutes blood and controls Beken.” 6

. The Fourth Tantra notes its ability to “promote blood

6

circulation” (by loosening stasis) .

Formulations often pair tar-bu with warm herbs for digestion and circulation. Its heating nature means it is

used cautiously: recommended against in cases of Yin (blood/fluid) deficiency or very hot conditions.

Modern Tibetan herbalists say it should be taken with food to avoid stomach upset due to its acidity.

3Overall, Sowa-Rigpa sees tar-bu as a phlegm-dispelling lung tonic and blood invigorant, aligning with its

13 5

traditional uses .

Bioactives and Mechanisms

Sea buckthorn’s reputed effects can be linked to its rich bioactives. The berries are exceptionally high in

vitamin C (often 200–300 mg/100 g) – e.g. ~275 mg/100 g in Ladakh berries 7

– far above most fruits. They

also contain vitamins A (as carotenoids), E and B-complex in smaller amounts 7

. The pulp oil is unique in

fatty acids: roughly 30–35% palmitoleic acid (ω‑7), plus ~35% γ-linolenic (ω‑6) and ~30% α-linolenic (ω‑3)

15 16 17

. It also provides antioxidants (flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids) .

These compounds have plausible links to traditional uses. High vitamin C and flavonoids can boost

immunity; ω‑7 and ω‑3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects on mucosa. Carotenoids (β‑carotene,

lycopene) support lung and eye health. In vitro and animal studies show Hippophae extracts inhibit

inflammatory pathways (NF-κB, COX-2) and suppress mucus overproduction, consistent with expectorant

activity. The seed/pulp oil’s rich lipids likely underlie its potent wound-healing action (enhancing collagen

production and epithelial repair).

Nutrient Chart: Sea buckthorn berries are often called a “natural vitamin treasure.” For example, one

analysis of Himalayan H. rhamnoides fruit found ~275 mg/100 g vitamin C, ~68 mg/100 g niacin (B3), ~3.5 mg/

100 g vitamin E and ~1.1 mg/100 g B6 7 7

. (Vitamin A content is ~432 IU/100 g .) Their pulp/oil is also

uniquely rich in omega‑7 and omega‑3 fatty acids (see Figure below).

flowchart LR

A[Sea Buckthorn Compounds] --> B(Vitamins: C, A, E, B)

A --> C[Carotenoids, Flavonoids (antioxidants)]

A --> D[Fatty acids: ω-7, ω-6, ω-3]

B & C --> E[Anti-inflammatory, Immune support]

D --> F[Skin repair, Circulation]

Clinical Studies and Evidence

Controlled clinical trials specifically in Tibetan populations are lacking. However, some trials in general

populations touch on relevant effects:

4

The burn wound RCT (sea buckthorn vs silver sulfadiazine) showed significantly faster healing times with

sea buckthorn dressing 8

. The cold trial found no benefit in reducing infections, though it did lower

inflammation marker CRP 19

. No clinical studies were found on tar-bu use in asthma, chronic bronchitis, or

digestive disorders in humans (data are unspecified). These gaps indicate the need for future research.

Preparation Methods

Traditional preparations reflect the uses above. Fresh juice or juice syrup is made by crushing berries,

optionally straining; it may be drunk alone, mixed with tea, or preserved with honey/sugar. Khentsa

(concentrate): simmer berries in water (sometimes 1:1 with barley flour) for several hours until a thick

syrup forms; this is taken by the spoonful or as a seasoning. Oil: berries and seeds are pressed or hot-

infused in butter/oil to extract oils; the resulting yellow oil is used externally on burns, ulcers and sores.

Powder: dried berries are sometimes ground and mixed into herbal formulas or confection (known as

serpang). Jams and candies are modern variants. In Sowa-Rigpa formulations, tar-bu fruits are often fried in

butter to make medicated oils or pills.

Safety and Contraindications

Sea buckthorn is generally well tolerated. Fresh berries’ high acidity/vitamin C can cause stomach upset or

ulcer irritation in sensitive individuals, so Sowa-Rigpa advises using it with food or heating it (dry frying)

before consumption. There are no specific Tibetan contraindications listed beyond the usual cautions for

hot, pungent herbs: it should be avoided in “Yin-deficient” (dry) states or extreme heat conditions.

Modern sources note little toxicity: topical oils have been used safely on burns 20

. Allergic reactions are

rare. No known herb–drug interactions are documented, but because seabuckthorn oil can affect lipid

metabolism, patients on anticoagulants or with bleeding disorders should consult a doctor. Pregnancy/

breastfeeding: Insufficient data exist, so large medicinal doses are not generally recommended during

pregnancy.

Summary

In Tibetan Buddhist (Sowa Rigpa) tradition, sea buckthorn (tar-bu) is a treasured Himalayan plant: its sharp,

hot berries clear phlegm and stagnation, promoting lung health and circulation. Ancient texts like the

5Somaratsa and Four Tantras praise its expectorant effects 1 2

. Ethnobotanical accounts confirm that

Tibetan communities use the berries as tonic foods and remedies – from juice to jam to oil 3 4

. Modern

analyses show rich vitamin C, omega-7 fats, flavonoids, and other actives that align with its traditional uses.

While controlled trials are few, preliminary studies validate its wound-healing and anti-inflammatory

potentials 8 19

. Overall, sea buckthorn stands as a culturally significant herb of the Himalayas, bridging

centuries of Tibetan healing wisdom with contemporary phytotherapy.

References: Primary Tibetan sources (as translated) and modern studies as cited above

1 2 5 6 3

14 4 21 19 8 7 15

.

1 7 12 16 17

Phytochemistry, health benefits, and food applications of sea buckthorn (Hippophae

rhamnoides L.): A comprehensive review - PMC

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9763470/

2

Tibetan Medicine

https://tibetanmedicine-edu.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/TibetanMedicineD1.pdf

3 4 14

Traditional knowledge of wild food plants in a few Tibetan communities - PMC

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4232625/

5

Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides): Benefits, Uses, Research | Herbal Reality

https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/sea-buckthorn/

6 10 13

Hippophae rhamnoides སྟར་བུ - Daknang

https://daknang.com/blogs/plants/hippophae-rhamnoides-%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%A2-%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4?

srsltid=AfmBOopIQNMOT3JG_cxpNOIWHwJVzrKamVapm7wFTEP8ZD9q_O3MERc4

8 18

To compare the effect of sea buckthorn and silver sulfadiazine dressing on period of wound healing

in patients with second-degree burns: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial - PubMed

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33792111/

9 15

Abundance of active ingredients in sea-buckthorn oil - PMC

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5438513/

11

Hippophae tibetana - Tibetan Sea Buckthorn

https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Tibetan%20Sea%20Buckthorn.html

19

Effects of sea buckthorn berries on infections and inflammation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-

controlled trial - PubMed

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17593932/

20

[Management of burn wounds with Hippophae rhamnoides oil] - PubMed

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16495193/

21

Traditional Tibetan medicine: therapeutic potential in lung diseases - PMC

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10986185/

6